cocaine production Essay -- essays research papers

Cocaine Production in Columbia Columbia is the biggest coca creating nation on the planet. Over 70% of our nation’s cocaine is delivered and produced in Columbia (â€Å"battles won† 1). The cocaine creation in Columbia is not the same as the remainder of the Andean nations since it is developed on plots of land that are huge, though in Peru and Bolivia coca is developed on little plots of land. Cocaine creating plants are poor farmer’s greatest money crop. Fights are battled each day between the administration and ranchers more than a great many sections of land that produce the crude material for cocaine. In the area that the vast majority of these ranchers live the developing of coca and the change to cocaine is the biggest and just working industry. It is a dependable salary that has carried cash into the country’s economy for more than forty years (â€Å"a crop† 1). For a large number of these ranchers, coca is the main plant that can carry enough cash to their family for end urance. Espresso, sugar, and bananas have been a significant fare for ranchers in the past yet a worldwide over-creation has lead the ranchers to delivering fields of cocoa brambles. The solitary working governments in parts of Columbia are radical guerrillas. In these regions request is kept up by FARC, which is the nations biggest revolutionary armed force. The Columbian governments have instituted laws since the 1990’s to eliminate sedate dealing. â€Å"A legitimate structure has been set up that urges dealers to give up and team up with the experts as an end-result of legal leniency†(Clawson 90). The medication dealing in Columbia is causing numerous issues for Columbian and United States governments. These medication dealers acquire billions of dollars consistently offering cocaine to Europe and the United States. The utilization of the coca plant has been a significant lifestyle for indigenous individuals for a large number of years. Before coca was mostly used to deliver cocaine, it was utilized by workers as a mellow opiate to stifle craving and give vitality. â€Å"Some 70 distinctive people cures incorporate coca, once in a while in blend with other plants†(Lee 24). â€Å"Cocaine is one of 13 alkaloids delivered from the coca leaf, which has been developed in South America for at any rate 2,000 years†(Lee 21). In Columbia it is illicit to develop coca plants not at all like Bolivia and Peru however Columbia is as yet the world’s biggest maker of Cocaine. This is credit to sedate cartels in Columbia... ...e. Fights are battled each day between the legislature and ranchers more than a great many sections of land that produce the crude material for cocaine. The Columbian government needs to go into the wilderness and crash the guerrilla gatherings however cocaine has to some degree kept Columbia’s economy stable and on the off chance that cocaine creation is crushed, at that point the nation may wind up in a sorry situation. The best answer for Columbia’s issues is to eliminate the creation of cocaine and make increasingly beneficial projects that urge ranchers not to deliver coca. Work Cited â€Å"The Absurdity of the Drug War in Columbia†. The Thistle. Oct.2001. Vol.13. 1-2 â€Å"Andean Drug Battle Bears Fruit† Christian Science Moniter.April 2000. Vol.92 . Issue 98 â€Å"Andean Coca Wars†. Economist.March 2000. Vol.354. Issue 8160.1-3 â€Å"Battles won, a War still Lost†.Economist. Feb. 2005. Vol.374. Issue 8413. 1-3 Clawson, Patrick L. The Andean Cocaine Industry. New York:St. Martin’s Press. 1996 â€Å"Columbia’s Cocaine Frontier. National Review. Dec. 2001. Vol.26. Issue 6. 1-6 â€Å"A War Down on the Farm†. Christian Science Moniter. May 2001. Vol.93. Issue 125, 1-3 Lee III, Rensselaer W. The White Labyrinth. New Brunswick. Exchange Publishers. 1989

Feeling after concert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Feeling after show - Essay Example Indeed, the craftsmen made an ideal mix of highlights of every landmass with a rich European music. It typifies another method of social coordinated effort. At the show, I had a ton of fun. I actually sang my heart out to my preferred playlists. I sang each word, moved my heart out and let everything free as the World Percussion Ensemble played out their melodies nearly to flawlessness. Actually, I showed up at the show lobby at 7 pm, just to guarantee I didn't miss their first tune. It would have been disillusioning had I shown up after the expected time. Fortunately, the show started ten minutes after eight. What a consolation! In any case, it is inconceivable how fans would go wild as they shouted to their preferred tunes. All things considered, from the start it might appear to be alarming. Be that as it may, the fun in the show theater suffocated the shouts. It is for sure essential to observe in what way numerous individuals could accumulate for music. At the point when the craftsmen commenced the revelers were on their feet. The theater lobby was siphoned and one could truly feel the energy of the crowd. Furthermore, the fans were chiming in as well! I more likely than not lost the quantity of checks the lead vocalist Njamy Sitson, let the fans finish a line. It appeared allowing the group a chance to relish their main tunes. It was entrancing when Walter Lang, the author, requested that everybody set their telephones aside and to simply live at the time. Moreover, that night had been all that we had. Each presentation was a goose-knock. At a certain point, Marco Lobo, the Brazilian entertainer in percussion took off his shoes to the adventure of the crowd. As of now, I am in a condition of a headache - seven days after the show. Toward the finish of the show they guaranteed they would be returning soon to Columbia after various visits over the world. In spite of the fact that the band is made of individuals from different societies, they admitted that they got a lot of help from the crowd than different spots they have performed previously. I was progressively excited and

Get Confident With Expository Essay Examples

Get Confident With Expository Essay ExamplesThe use of expository essay examples is a great way to create confidence when writing your own essays. All too often students write their own essays without realizing just how much the writing style will depend on their own choices. Fortunately there are plenty of tutorials out there that can help you.You may have already heard about using expository essay examples. They do not mean just this - you will find very good articles and seminars that show you how to use them effectively. The basics are easy enough: you just need to be able to locate some examples online that have already been written by someone else. This is also a good idea because it will help you get an idea of the style the author used.There are two common questions that may come up. The first one is 'how do I know if these are expository essays?' If you get an answer similar to this, you can continue with this article.Because the expository essay examples you get are not cop y written essays, you should still follow some basic rules for writing for such a format. The rules are not going to include things like using big words to make the prose sound more formal. It will also not require you to go into painstaking detail with every single word of the essay.Just remember that the examples are not essay at all. You need to use examples in an expository way. If the example you use is to tell what happened or why it happened but only uses a few words in the passage, you should not use much in the essay at all.Also, it is best to use expository essay examples that will explain what happened instead of what happened to someone else. We all have had cases where we felt so bad after something happened to us but we could not figure out who was responsible. With these examples, you can easily avoid those types of situations.And finally, expository essay examples should be grammatically correct. You do not want your essay to have spelling mistakes. Even though the g rammar is often ignored when writing, it is important to understand that grammar is very important and you need to make sure that the sentences and paragraphs are complete and not incomplete.Now that you know what to expect with expository essay examples, you can use them to help you write the next essay. The best thing is that they are not that hard to come by - all you need to do is take a look around.

The Impact Of Diversity On Workforce Diversity Essay

The increasing globalisation in today’s world means more interaction between people from different ethical and cultural backgrounds than ever before. Maximising and Capitalising on Workforce diversity is the aim of most organisations today. However, workforce diversity presents both opportunities and challenges in organisations as ideas and practices from different backgrounds combine together, sometimes causing challenges such as communication and benefits such as productivity and creativity. This essay will further analyse the opportunities and challenges that are present in today’s organisations due to workforce diversity. Understanding workforce diversity is crucial for most organisations today. Diversity is described as â€Å"understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status† (Esty, Griffin, Hirsch, 1995). Research suggest that companies need to focus on managing diversity and look for ways to become a totally â€Å"inclusive† organisation as diversity has the potential of competitive advantage and greater productivity. Koonce suggests that it is important for managers to realise that diversity is not about differences among groups, but rather about differences among each individual. Each individual is unique and independent, therefore does not represent or speak for a particular group (Koonce, 2001).Show MoreRelatedThe Impact of Workforce Diversity Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesDiversity refers to the ways pe ople differ from each other. These ways are significant and plentiful. Culturally, people vary in gender, age, ethnicity, race sexual orientation, educational background, religion, lifestyle, as well as veteran and/or immigrant status. Functionally, people vary in the ways we think, learn, process information, respond to authority, show respect and reach agreements (Pollar Gonzalez, 2011.) Obviously, people differ in numerous ways, so what does that mean forRead MoreImpact of Technology and Workforce Diversity on Corporate Sector4032 Words   |  17 PagesImpact of Technology and Workforce Diversity on the Corporate Sector | Keerthi Purushothaman III B.A. Corporate Economics 10CEM28 | Introduction With the onset of globalization, the corporate sector has transformed in many ways. It has adopted new work policies and adapted to new technologies. The impact of technology and workforce diversity on corporates is an area of growing importance. In a multicultural nation such as India, workforce diversity has a huge impact on business. WithRead MoreCulture And Diversity : An Instrumental Aspect Of The Business Environment Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesExecutive summary Culture and diversity has been an instrumental aspect of the business environment for a few decades now. While globalization is singled out as its enhancer, it is far from its inceptor. Managers have had to deal with diversity for years, through the contemporary environment has realized an influx in this particular phenomenon (Mor-Barak, 2011). In the contemporary business, environment has become more complex with the degree of diversity that is being witnessed. Managers have toRead MoreHigh-Performance Teams1225 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to explain how a group can become a high-performance team. The purpose is also to examine the impact of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity on group behavior. This paper will illustrate how demographic characteristics and cultural diversity contribute to or detract from high-performance teams. High-Performance Teams A high-level of performance makes up the basis for groups and teams today. High-performance is a major focus for many organizationsRead MoreLiterature Review Job Design and Workforce Diversity Improve Performance1224 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In the current business environment, what role do job design and workforce diversity play in attempts to improve individual and organisational performance?† Literature Review A significant number of ideas have been offered to explain job design and workforce diversity which impacts on individual and organisational performance in business environment at the present time (Yan, Peng, Franesco, 2011 ; Foss, Minbaeva, Pedersen, Reinholt, 2009). Improving and developing performance willRead MoreDiversity and Inclusion Paper1085 Words   |  5 PagesThinking About Diversity and Inclusion Paper SOC/315 December 15, 2010 Professor Dr. Lorthridge Introduction This paper will discuss and focus on the four dimensions of diversity: ethnicity, gender, differences in skills, abilities and personality traits and how they have an impact in my workplace. To be able to go further in this paper one should understand the definition of diversity. Diversity is a variety between people associated to factors such as culture, employment status, educationRead More Diversity Essay834 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diversity can be defined as a situation that includes representation of multiple and ideally all groups within a prescribed environment, such as a workplace (University of Maryland, 2000). The success of an organization depends on the workforce of the organization. A workforce made up of diverse individuals from different backgrounds can bring the best talent to an organization. There are many types of diversity and demographic characteristics and each one has an impact on individualRead MoreEssay We Must Promote Diversity in the Workplace656 Words   |  3 PagesDiversity is what makes people different, not just culturally but in human differences. Having a multitude of differences in the workforce gives an organization the ability to use many ideas to reach a common goal. A person could say that a diverse group of people together in one room can accomplish greater achievements than a room filled with the same types of individuals. Managers understand the concep t of diversity, and how important diversity is to the success of a company’s ability to implementRead MoreLegal Implications Of Culture, Workforce Diversity And Diversity Management Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesof Culture, Workforce Diversity and Diversity Management in a Global Environment Lindiwe Musekiwa Walden University Introduction Organizations, the world over, are embracing innovation in order to stay competitive by putting into action organizational management that includes, among others, culture, workforce diversity, and diversity management (Marsella, 2009). Although not much has been written about the interconnection of managing diversity (cultural, and workforce included) andRead MoreJob Design and Work Diversity1463 Words   |  6 Pages08 Fall Steffi Astria Sani HRM 502 Human Resource Management 1A : Literature Review Topic: Job design and workforce diversity play in attempts to improve individual and organisational performance Date : 25 August 2013 Introduction In the current business environment, human resource management (HRM) has become an important role for an organisation. HRM refers to the policies, practices, and systems that influence employees’ behaviour, attitudes, and performance (Noe, Hollenbeck

Immigration Essay - 1065 Words

Immigration Paper-Compare/Contrast Immigration is a topic that has been argued many times in the United States. Many people support it while others believe that immigrants are criminals who commit the crime of entering the U.S. illegally. Roberto Rodriguez and Star Parker both use different styles of writing in â€Å"Border on our Backs† and â€Å"Se Habla Entitlement† respectively. Although Roberto Rodriguez uses a personal approach to convey his message, Star Parker’s method of using real life facts and details to support her opinion really pulls through and is therefore more convincing. Roberto Rodriguez tries to use emotion to motivate and capture the reader’s attention to support his feelings for immigration but fails to back up any of his†¦show more content†¦He asks â€Å"Why is all the hate and vilification directed at brown peoples and the southern border?....why are these politicians also not bothered by the millions of Canadians, Europeans, or Russians who overstay thei r visas?†(Rodriguez 560). Questioning is not considered to be very skillful in writing. By putting these statements in question form, Rodriguez is almost making them a fact, when the reality is that immigration laws and problems are aimed toward all illegal immigrants not just South Americans. The main objective of the author is to answer the reader’s questions not create more questions which may confuse the reader and derail them from the main topic. Not only is this confusing but Rodriguez continues to try to influence the reader without any proper validation. On the contrary Star Parker uses research and real life statistics to influence the reader’s opinion. â€Å"Se Habla Entitlement† is filled with facts and research. She reports â€Å"Last year the Pew Hispanic Center surveyed adults in Mexico and asked them if they would come to the United States†¦Forty-six percent responded yes†¦When asked if they would do it illegally more than 20 perc ent said yes†(Parker 565). She continues â€Å"†¦almost half of Mexican adults say they would rather live in the United States, presumably because of the opportunities our free society affords†(Parker 565). First she shows the facts about immigration then goes on toShow MoreRelatedImmigration And Immigration Of Australia1276 Words   |  6 Pagescomprising about 3.1 million males and 2.8 million females (Queensland Govt., n.d). More than 599 000 people have arrived under humanitarian programs, initially as displaced persons and more recently as refugees. Statistics from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship reported that during this same period in Australia, approximately 1.6 million migrants arrived between October 1945 and 30 June 1960, about 1.3 million in the 1960s, about 960,000 in the 1970s, about 1.1 million in the 1980s, overRead MoreImmigration And The Issue Of Immigration982 Words   |  4 PagesMy current event is on the issue of Immigration an d Refugees that is going on in our society. Immigrants have been the back bone of what made America great. This country is supposed to be the land of opportunity. For the people that come here that is all that they hear. Wanting a fresh start from whatever country they came from. The NASW (2015) said that â€Å"Immigration has increased rapidly in the 1990s, with more than 13 million people moved to the United States† (p.176). Immigrants and Refugees isRead MoreImmigration : What Is Immigration?1271 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Immigration? So the topic i picked for my final will be Immigration. In my word, immigration is the act to move on. When people move from one country to another it’s called immigration. If you think about it, we are like birds. Birds or animals move home from home in the winter to keep warm. Animals migrates so they can keep warm. Many immigrants plan to live in the new country for a long period of time. They want to become citizens of the new country. The number of people who immigrateRead MoreImmigration And Illegal Immigration1106 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration has played an important role throughout American history. What fundamentally sets America apart from other nations is the foundation that it was created by immigrants seeking a better life for themselves and their children (Camarota Zeigler, 2016). During times of economic growth, laborers have been imported, and deported during recessions (Flores, 2016). An average of 1.1 million immigrants relocate to the United States ann ually (Storesletten, 2000). US Customs and Border Control officialsRead MoreImmigration And Globalization1734 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction How does immigration impact an individual’s likelihood to identify with a national identity, or a larger global identity? Does immigration, a component of globalization, impact one identity more than another? These questions are increasingly relevant with the well-documented rise of European nationalist parties, but there are still questions about whether these are empirically connected phenomena. Immigration, a facet of globalization, is widely discussed, as well as other impactsRead MoreImmigration : Perceptions Of Immigration893 Words   |  4 PagesPerceptions of Immigration Many people around the world have to move to different countries for different situations. Some of them have to move because their parents were transferred by their work. Others are moving because they want to live in another country. There are other people that move because they are looking for new opportunities to succeed or because they are escaping because of violet reasons in their countries. This process of moving from one country to another is called immigration. This wordRead MoreImmigration Into Canada4080 Words   |  17 PagesImmigration Into Canada Abstract This paper is concerned with the recent wave of Hong Kong immigrants into Vancouver. The stage is set for this discussion by first explaining some background behind Canadian immigration policy and then discussing the history of Chinese immigrants in Vancouver. From these discussions we are informed that Canadian immigration policy was historically ethnocentric and only began to change in the late 1960s. It was at this point that we see a more multicultural groupRead MoreThe Immigration Problem Of Immigration1735 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween criminal law and immigration law has become increasingly blurred. In many jurisdictions around the world, undocumented immigration was long considered a civil offence in which violation resulted in fines and deportation. Now, however, illegal crossings are often treated as criminal violations carrying overly punitive consequences such as incarceration in harsh detention centers. The ever-evolving assortment of laws and enforcement measures concerning immigration, as well as negative rhetoricRead MoreThe Problem Of Immigration And Immigration1940 Words   |  8 Pageswill examine the problem of Immigration and Immigration Law. I will first discuss what Immigration Law is and how it works, then I will define the number one problem of immigration laws, â€Å"illegal immigration† and why it’s so important to follow procedures. It will also address the consequences after violating the law s. Next the paper discusses three policy solutions to the problems of illegal immigration: Legalization of Immigrants, Strengthen Border Security, and Immigration Amnesty. The paper willRead MoreImmigration And The Debate On Immigration Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesin the debate was about immigration. Every year, thousands of immigrants come to the United States, some document and some undocumented. They have different reasons for wanting to come to America, whether it is for jobs, the policies and laws of the United States, the economy, or even refugees from countries which are going through a civil war. There are many different opinions on immigration and what to do with illegal immigrants. Many citizens believe that taxes increase due to illegal immigrants

Capital Punishment and Torture Essays - 2191 Words

Capital punishment is not a morally acceptable practice because the process has come to represent a form of torture in our modern society and therefore, should not be seen as an acceptable form of punishment for any criminal act. The goal of a punishment is to properly reprimand the criminal so justice is served in regard to the victim. This can be achieved without violating our moral standards through the use of punishments which sufficiently punish the offender while still doing right by the victim. Capital punishment may be the most just option of retribution when punishing a murderer, but it serves as an injustice to the persons who must carry out the duty and has also become a torturous experience for the offender. Cesare†¦show more content†¦This cannot be maintained in all cases, as such with rape and torture. These crimes must be addressed with something which the punishment, even if it does not fit the crime exactly, matches it in respect to severity (Kant 145) . Kant holds the belief that â€Å"whoever has committed murder, must die... [for] there is no likeness or proportion between life, however painful, and death† (Kant 145). Saying this, Kant also acknowledges that â€Å"[the criminal’s] death, however, must be kept free from all maltreatment that would make the humanity suffering in his person or abominable† (Kant 145). This is an important point which needs to be explored and, in turn, establishes the second leg of the argument; punishments must remain within the moral boundaries established in the society. Jeffrey H. Reiman deliberates on this topic in his work Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty. Reiman begins with the supposition that the retributive theory is correct. The retributive theory, as previously established by Kant, supports justice through lex talionis and that the victim has a right to this justice, but does not explain to what extent this right should be exercised (Reiman 599). Reiman expresses â€Å"this is a separate moral question because strictShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Is A Form Of Torture971 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is nothing new; executions have taken place for centuries. Capital punishment is utilized throughout the world. Thirty-six countries currently use the death penalty in law and practice. One hundred and three countries have abolished the death penalty completely. Whereas, six countries currently retain the death penalty for special circumstances, such as war crimes (CIA World Factbook). Whether capital punishment is an effective measure to curb future violent crimes is still debatedRead MoreCapital Punishment : An Ultimate Torture Method Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment has been used as a penalty for criminal behavior for many years; however, its’ utilization has not been constant throughout American history. The basis of capital punishment has undergone a number of changes and improvements in the past, essentially alternating in and out of public favor. At its’ start, capital punishment was ultimately used as a means of torture. Criminals were bludgeoned, boiled, burned, torn apart by animals, etc.—it was an ultimate torture method. ThroughoutRead MoreCrime and Punishment in Elizabethan England788 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Elizabethan Era, crime and punishment was a brutal source of punishments towards criminals. The term â€Å"crime and punishment† was a series of punishments and penalties the government gave towards the people who broke the laws. In William Harrison’s article â€Å"Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England†, says that â€Å"the concept of incarcerating a pers on as punishment for a crime was a relatively novel at the time† (1). This seemed reasonable at the time, because back then they didn’t sentenceRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Capital Punishment1689 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Capital punishment is the execution of criminals for the crimes they committed. This paper explores three reasons as to why capital punishment is wrong and should be abolished. One downfall to capital punishment includes the risk of taking an innocent life such as Cameron Todd Willingham who was wrongfully convicted in 1992 and executed in 2004. There is also a risk of having a botched execution. A mistake might be made during the procedure, making it long and painful for the prisonersRead MoreIs Capital Punishment Immoral? Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesIs Capital Punishment Immoral? In a Kantian world with moral laws, capital punishment does not seem to be a theoretical solution for punishing murders. But when someone does commit murder those individuals render their rights, and henceforth would acknowledge their action with consequences, such as capital punishment. Jeffrey H. Reiman presents various arguments against the use of capital punishment with no adequate evidence of effectiveness, but I disagree. Capital punishment is a reasonableRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Immoral1521 Words   |  7 Pagesher to oppose death penalty is immoral as. Firstly, it is a torture. Secondly,, it does not work out as a deterrent. Thirdly, and it costs more than life imprisonment. Finally, only the poor sentenced to death. She believes that the death penalty is immoral as it is a torture, it does not work out as a deterrent and it costs more than life imprisonment. However, I disagree with her argument, because death penalty is not seeing as a torture in history, Super Court and those criminals deserve the retribution;Read MoreElizabethan Crime And Punishment Of The Elizabethan Era1363 Words   |  6 PagesElizabethan Crime and Punishment On a normal day during the Elizabethan Era you would pass the town square to find someone screaming bloody murder and begging for mercy. There were public executions that many people took a day off of their jobs to go see. Torture devices were a big part of Elizabethan Crime and Punishment. There was a specific punishment for everything from begging to high treason. If a peasant stole anything worth more than five pence, which was the currency of the time periodRead MoreDiscipline and Punish the Birth of Prsions1071 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Discipline and Punish the Birth of Prisons† goes beyond the walls of the prison system. Foucault gives a detailed description of the transition of discipline and punishment beginning in the seventeenth century. Foucault begins with insight into the tortures forms of punishment common in the seventeenth century. The torture involved prisoners being placed on a scaffold while holding a two pound torch of burning wax. There the flesh w ould be torn from their body with hot pincers before their bodiesRead MoreBeccaria s Of Crimes And Punishment1317 Words   |  6 Pagessummary of Cesare Beccaria’s ‘of crimes and punishment’ was best said in a statement by Beccaria himself which was ‘In order that any punishment should not be an act of violence committed by one person or many against a private citizen, it is essential that it should be public, prompt, necessary, the minimum possible under the given circumstances, proportionate to the crimes, and established by law. (Beccaria, C. 2003 pg. 24) Beccaria’s theory was that punishment should only be used to prevent an offenderRead MoreCapital Punishment Deters Crime?876 Words   |  4 PagesThe question that it seemed to be taken into consideration is whether capital punishment deters crime? There are two types of deterrence theories that are stretched across statistical studies in the law of criminology. The first notable theory is kno wn as â€Å"specific deterrence† it is exercised in order to stop a criminal offence from occurring in the future. The theory evaluates that when punished for an unlawful offence it is less likely of the perpetrator to commit the crime again. Another crucial

Work Health and Safety Legislation Management

Question: Discuss about the Work Health and Safety Legislation Management. Answer: Introduction: As discussed by Men (2014) employee satisfaction and motivation is a strategic requirement for the organizational management. A number of strategies are concerned with the issue of ensuring employee satisfaction. As mentioned by Kim and de Dear (2013) obtaining employee opinion before establishing any organizational decision is prerequisite for ensuring employee satisfaction and the motivation to carry out that decision from their end. In this selected context, the major issue that took place is the lack of employees opinion in the decision making process of the new roster (Fernndez-Muiz, Montes-Pen and Vzquez-Ords 2014). Employee roster is related to the issues like location, shift timing, assigned responsibilities, date of leaves and many other workplace related details. Now, it is important for the management to obtain prior opinion of the employees regarding their preferences of leave dates, working locations, shift timing and many more. As discussed by Hackman and Johnson (2013) communicating with the employees is significantly important in such cases. In the provided case study, as a member of the management team I need to address and solve this conflict as early as possible because, this conflict is likely to affect the customer service of the restaurant. As mentioned by Vogelgesang, Leroy and Avolio (2013) to solve the workplace conflicts communicating with the conflicting units can be identified as the primary but the most effective approach. Here, to solve the dissatisfaction, I am going to arrange one to one meetings with the employees to obtain their opinions regarding the issues they are facing with the new roster. Moreover, I will convey them the cause of the new roster and how it is going to help the organization with personal meetings and group sessions. On the other hand, as discussed by Bolman and Deal (2014) the organizational communication needs to be opened in both ways. Hence, I will discuss the concerns raised by the employees to the upper management and solve the issues the employees are facing now. Moreover, I will make a channel (a mail based feedback strategy) by which the employees will be able to raise their concerns regarding their workplace directly to the management team. As mentioned by Mondy and Martocchio (2016) depending on the management or leadership styles, the managers differ in obtaining team performance, interpersonal relations and employee motivation level. In the case of John, he is following the transformational management style in his way of leading the team. The leadership style of John deserves appreciation. As mentioned by Hassell, Crews and McLean (2016) the transformational leaders believe in leading by example and make active involvement in meeting the goals of the team. However, John is lacking the most significant criteria of a transformational leader by failing to communicate with his team members. As opined by Khanal et al. (2017) it is important for the leader to motivate the employees to meet the team goals by communicating with them. This lack of communication may make John suffer employee frustration and decreased group performance. Hence, John has to be open to his employees to address their concerns and motivate them for meeting the team goal, with the strategies like one to one meetings, group sessions, motivational speeches and experience sharing. Moreover, he needs to call for the opinions of the team members prior to make any decisions. Thus, he will be able to be a participative and transformational leader. In the case of Michelle, he is following the Laissez-Faire style of management. As mentioned by Enright (2014) the lack of leadership directions in the Laissez-Faire management style leads to lack of control over the team members. In the case of Michelle, he is facing the same issue of lack of control over the employees. Here, he needs to include certain rules of behaving and making managerial decisions. Though, the participatory pattern of decision making is increasing the employee involvement, but Michelle need to have the control on the final decision making process. It will increase the control of the manager over the team. Maria follows the autocratic leadership style. As mentioned by Mondy and Martocchio (2016) her over control on the team is making the employees dissatisfied. Hence, she needs to opt for the strategy of transactional leadership and allow positive and negative reinforcements to the performers. It will increase the motivation of the team members and they will not opt for other jobs. As mentioned by Enright (2014) to lead and motivate the employees for better performance setting example is the best approach. Hence, Sean needs to share his experience of success with the employees. By sharing his experience of struggle and success he will be able to motivate his employees to achieve further prosperity. In his memo, he needs to make the employees clear how the organizational success will prosper their personal and professional life. This memo will make him introduce as an enthusiastic and interested leader to the employees. As mentioned by Bolman and Deal (2014) by clarifying the personal and professional growth opportunities the leaders can become able to create employee motivation. Thus, the memo is going to collect an increased level of employee motivation for Sean. As Sean will be leader who makes direct involvement in the tasks for meeting the organizational goal. This will inspire the team members to act and change their loathing attitude towards the job. As mentioned by Hackman and Johnson (2013) the trait theory advocates that a leader needs to be someone who possesses some qualities like dedication, honesty, enthusiasm and others. It creates a charismatic personality for the leader. On the other hand, as mentioned in the transformational leadership theory, a leader needs to have a vision for future, an inclination to innovation and the ability to make people believe on their dreams. Sean has the characteristics of both the leadership styles. Theses personal characteristics will help Sean to have a positive control over his team members, moreover, the administrative position will give him the authority to exercise his powers. Thus, as a manager he will have a great range of control and power. As discussed by Men (2014) for inspiring and motivating a team, providing skill development trainings, task allocations, regular feedbacks and maintaining two way communications are the prerequisites for the leader or trainer. Here, in this selected case, I will arrange a group meeting with my team and make them aware about objectives and of the project and how the knowledge of the preparation for set menu in a restaurant is going to help them professionally. Prior to managing the team in the workplace, it will be clear to them what the project is all about. On the job site, I will divide the job roles to each of the team members according to their skills. However, prior to this, I will ask for the preferences of my team for any job role and then make the roster. However, the team members will be made known if contraventions of their choices occur. On the other hand, I will set performance objectives for each of the team members and provide them regular feed back upon their progress level. As discussed by Bolman and Deal (2014) a clearly set performance goal helps the employees to focus on their job role. In addition to this, I will arrange regular workshops and trainings on the issues like how to manage a busy commercial kitchen, the strategy of time management, the safety requirements and cooking lesions. Moreover, I will lay a regular feedback policy which will be aimed to collect the concerns of the team members they are facing in the course of this particular project. As mentioned by Mondy and Martocchio (2016) this open communication channel will help me to eliminate issues those are bothering the members low down the frustration among the team members and increase productivity of the team. Moreover, I will follow the strategy of rewarding my team members for their achievement of the performance goals and any innovative contribution to the job. As mentioned by Kim and de Dear (2013) positive and negative reinforcement helps in maintaining employee motivation and commitment. Thus, I will be able to keep my team motivated and sustain the performance. In the Australian set up, conforming to the workplace health and safety measures is the prerequisites for the organizations to avoid legal threats. Hence, in the selected training sessions the followings will be discussed: The laws and organizational details: The participants will make known about the guidelines of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1984 of Australia. As mentioned by Mondy and Martocchio (2016) the act provides the rights of knowing occupational threats, rejecting the unsafe tasks, the OHS guidelines of the organization and the participation in the OHS process. Hence, employees will be made known about the threat related to the restaurant operation like Burns, Cuts/open wounds, Sprains/Strains and others (Bolman and Deal 2014). Moreover, the employees will be made known about the organizational guidelines regarding handling of the products and equipments, cleanliness, contamination and weight lifting. All the employees will be provided a safety manual and regular workshops will be arranged to make the employees updated to the changes in the OHS policies and their needs in maintain workplace safety. The employees will be provided a suggestion form for obtaining idea from them in the context of creating an OHS policy for the organization. Moreover, employee survey will also be arranged to collect the view of the employees about the effectiveness of the OHS policy. The employees will be made known how the organization is going to address the raised concern of the employees regarding the safety issues. Moreover, the organization will present the success rate of addressing the concern of the employees and show how the recent changes such as the regular employee training policy, installation of auto-cut appliances, provide work wear etc. are being helpful in addressing the employees concerns. Identification and reporting: For reporting the concerns identified by the employees, they will be provided a separate mail ID handled by the management team to raise their OHS concerns. For evaluating the effectiveness of this session, the participants will be provided a feedback form with criteria of rating the session. Moreover, the knowledge of the employees will be evaluated with on site observation. A 15 days observation session will be arranged to identify the effectiveness of the training session. For conducting this training, microphones, sitting arrangements, projectors and stationery products will be needed. Hazard Risks Complaints Actions required Date of action The electrical appliances Short circuit Yes Installation of auto cut appliances 24/10/2016 Weight lifting Health threat No Installation of carriages 1/1/2016 The sharp appliances Health threat Yes Formation of first aid team Not Yet Figure: Action Plan (Source: Bolman and Deal 2014) Report to the Manager: The OHS policy of the company is successfully handling the OHS threats of the organization. In spite of the actions those have been taken for addressing the OHS issues, the company needs a team comprising of an emergency doctor and a dressing team for first aid requirements. Moreover, as mentioned by Mondy and Martocchio (2016) work place safety is both the legal and human rights concern for the organizations. Hence, the company needs to concentrate on this requirement with greater precession. Moreover, after the installation and policy formulation, the employees need to make known about the way of accessing the OHS services by the company. In addition to this, the feedbacks collected from the employees showing that, they do not have any channel or platform to raise their concerns regarding the occupational health and safety issues they are facing. It is only the periodical meetings that provide them the chance to raise their concerns. Hence, it is important to create a channel of in formation that will help them to raise their concern direct to the management. Reference: Bolman, L. and Deal, T., 2014. Leadership and management. Christian Youth Work in Theory and Practice: A Handbook, p.245. Enright, P.T., 2014. Work Health Safety legislation; the fire engineers neglected duty?. Case Studies in Fire Safety, 2, pp.1-8. Fernndez-Muiz, B., Montes-Pen, J.M. and Vzquez-Ords, C.J., 2014. Safety leadership, risk management and safety performance in Spanish firms. Safety science, 70, pp.295-307. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013. Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Hassell, L., Crews, K. and McLean, L., 2016. Human Resources (HR) Management. In Pathology Practice Management (pp. 161-178). Springer International Publishing. Khanal, S., Lloyd, B., Rissel, C., Portors, C., Grunseit, A., Indig, D., Ibrahim, I. and McElduff, S., 2017. Evaluation of the implementation of Get Healthy at Work, a workplace health promotion program in New South Wales, Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 27(3), pp.243-250. Kim, J. and de Dear, R., 2013. Workspace satisfaction: The privacy-communication trade-off in open-plan offices. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 36, pp.18-26. Men, L.R., 2014. Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction. Management Communication Quarterly, p.0893318914524536. Mondy, R. and Martocchio, J.J., 2016. Human resource management. Human Resource Management, Global Edition. Vogelgesang, G.R., Leroy, H. and Avolio, B.J., 2013. The mediating effects of leader integrity with transparency in communication and work engagement/performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(3), pp.405-413.

Chandlers Model of Integrated Managerial Enterprise

Introduction In the 18th century, most of the US companies operated as small enterprises that were directly operated by the owners. However, this trend changed after increased industrialization led to introduction of new technologies for production and transportation (Rodriguez 2009, pp. 284-298).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chandler’s Model of Integrated Managerial Enterprise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, the demand for goods and services increased as businesses discovered new overseas markets. As a result, large multinational companies emerged whose operations were mainly controlled by managers (Jeffs 2008, p. 89). Neoclassical economists attribute the rise and organization of large firms to the ability of entrepreneurs to respond effectively to the dictates of the invisible hand of the competitive market. By contrast, Chandler and his school of thought attribute the rise and organiz ation of large firms to the managerial revolution, which replaced the invisible hand of the market (Fruin 2009, pp. 261-271). This paper will shed light on the extent to which Chandler’s model of integrated managerial enterprise explain the organization of large companies in major economies. It will also analyze the model’s ability to explain the competitiveness of nations. Integrated Managerial Enterprise Model Managerial enterprise refers to â€Å"large industrial/ business concerns in which operating and investment decisions are made by a hierarchy of salaried managers who report to a board of directors† (Rodriguez, Eisenhardt McKenna 2002, pp. 20-26). The organizational structure of the modern business enterprise has various operating units with their own offices, managers, and systems of accountability. According to Chandler, modern businesses adopt a centralized managerial hierarchy because the decentralized market system is not effective as companies exp and (Rodriguez, Eisenhardt McKenna 2002, pp. 20-26). Large companies believe that the centralized managerial hierarchy will improve their competitiveness by facilitating economies of scale and scope, as well as, generation of new knowledge. The gains outlined in the foregoing paragraph could only be realized after technological advancements led to development of railroads and telegraphs, as well as, utilization of coal (Fruin 2009, pp. 261-271). These technologies led to increased production. Thus, management hierarchies (visible hand) had to be established to supervise and to coordinate production processes (Rodriguez, Eisenhardt McKenna 2002, pp. 20-26). Extent to Which the Model Explain the Organization of Large Companies The Managerial Hierarchies Virtually all large companies in advanced economies have adopted an organizational structure with different levels of management and business units. The functional organizational structure can be identified in nearly every company.Ad vertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All large companies in advanced economies have departments, which are responsible for specific functions such as marketing, production, and human resource management (Ingham 2009, pp. 1-12). The heads of these departments often report to a higher level of management. For instance, they can report to the chief operations officer (COO) or the chief executive officer (CEO). Given the increase in competition, large companies that produce several products that are often unrelated have opted to adopt a multidivisional organizational structure. In this case, the company is organized into divisions that are responsible for serving specific markets (Caves 1980, pp. 64-92). Each division has several departments whose heads report to a single coordinating officer. The coordinator is responsible for appraising the performance of the division and developing long-term growth plans for the division (Fruin 2009, pp. 261-271). The head of each division reports to the CEO of the company. The multidivisional structure enables large companies to improve the brand equity of each of their products and to achieve economies of scale (Ingham 2009, pp. 1-12). Companies that have adopted the multidivisional organizational structure include Disney, AIG, and General Motors. The holding company organizational structure is also common among large multinational companies. This organizational structure is used by companies to invest in unrelated businesses in various parts of the world. For instance, the AP Moller Group has four companies that are engaged in different businesses such as shipping, mining, oil distribution, and managing port facilities. The holding company organizational structure enables large companies to diversify their revenue streams by investing in different industries (Freeman 2010, p. 134). Although the hierarchical management syst em has been adopted by all large companies, its application varies from region to region. The managerial form of a business enterprise envisioned by Chandler has not emerged in many Asian economies such as Japan, India, New Zealand, and China.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Chandler’s Model of Integrated Managerial Enterprise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In China, most large companies are still owned and controlled by the founding families (Mesure 2007, pp. 219-220). Most Chinese large companies are controlled by the head of the founding family who uses his networks and relations to manage the business. Thus, the governance structure of Chinese firms, especially, at the top is unstructured. In some cases, the activities of large companies are supervised by loose and flexible groups who advise the owner (Mesure 2007, pp. 219-220). This organizational system suggests that large Chinese companies are st ill using the traditional structure. Personal Capitalism The success of Chinese companies suggests that Chandler’s analysis of British firms is biased. He argues that British companies were reluctant to establish effective management systems to undertake functions such as mass production and mass marketing (Fruin 2009, pp. 261-271). Consequently, British companies lost their competitiveness to the German and the US companies that had clear separation of management and ownership. However, the failure of British companies in the 20th century was not necessarily because of personal capitalism. The companies might have failed due to technological challenges and market dynamics rather than the inability of their owners to invest in managerial capabilities (Fridenson 2004, pp. 564-569). Chandler did to consider the role of national characteristics in determining the success of businesses. For instance, the large size of the US economy and availability of effective financial systems led to the emergence of large firms. By contrast, the small size of the British economy inhibited the growth of its companies. In Japan, multinationals such as Toyota are still owned and managed by members of the founding families. Similarly, major US and UK companies such as Microsoft, Virgin Atlantic, and Apple have always been managed by members of the founding families who still own a substantial amount of equity. Chandler’s claim that the managerial business enterprise arises primarily to coordinate production and distribution does not fully explain the organization of modern large companies. In most countries, public companies are forced by regulators of capital markets to separate ownership and management before listing their equities (Hill Jones 2012, p. 192). Thus, compliance with regulation is sometimes the main factor that forces business owners to hire an independent management.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Structure and Strategy According to Chandler, companies accumulate simple strategies that increase the complexity of their structures. For instance, as a company’s strategy changes from volume expansion to geographic dispersion, its structure evolves from an administrative office to a departmental headquarters. Ultimately, the strategy shift to vertical integration and diversification. As a result, the company’s structure changes from divisional central office to multidivisional general office (Fruin 2009, pp. 261-271). Generally, the organizational structure of large companies is determined by the strategies that they adopt (Ansoff 2007, p. 235). For instance, vertical integration was an important element of large companies in the US before the 1980s. Large manufacturers such as Ford Motor Company controlled their supply chains by investing in the companies that produced their inputs and distributed their products (Kleinand Lien 2009, pp. 289-312). Generally, vertica l integration improves the competitiveness of large companies by reducing the bargaining power of their suppliers, as well as, ensuring steady supply of high quality inputs (Ansoff 2007, p. 236). However, advancements in transportation and communication technologies in the 20th century coupled with intense competition have reduced the attractiveness of vertical integration. The creation of virtual offices and improvements in shipping technologies has led to a shift from vertical integration to modularity, outsourcing, and networking (Fruin 2009, pp. 261-271). Coordination of the supply chain has shifted to independent firms such as shipping companies and contract manufacturers who require little supervision. Contrary to Chandler’s view, modern large companies have been able to achieve differentiation without adopting a multidivisional organizational structure. The importance of this strategy is that it enables large companies to reduce their operating costs by eliminating mul tiple levels of management (Helper Sako 2010, pp.399-429). This increases the profits of large companies that operate in markets where profit margins are constantly shrinking due to high competition (Helper Sako 2010, pp.399-429). Internal Management and Market Factors Chandler argues that modern businesses â€Å"allocate their resources by managing rather than using the market† (Rodriguez 2009, pp. 284-298). Specifically, the managers at various levels in the organizational structure have taken over all the allocative functions of the invisible hand of the market. According to Chandler, managing involves employing managers to coordinate various supply chain functions such as producing inputs (Rodriguez 2009, pp. 284-298). By contrast, using the market involves depending on external and independent entities to supply key inputs (Rodriguez 2009, pp. 284-298). This distinction does not explain the organization of large companies. Undoubtedly, there is no large company that su persedes the market by adopting a managerial hierarchy to coordinate its allocative functions. For instance, the large companies that produce their inputs (managing) must use the labor market to hire the best talent to supervise the production (using the market). Contrary to Chandler’s view, managers must rely on the market to allocate the resources of the company. In particular, managers’ decisions concerning resource allocation must be determined by market needs for the company to succeed. In a competitive market, it is the customers who decide the type of goods to be produced, where they are sold, and the quality standards to be maintained (Mathews 2004, p. 217). Large companies adopt managerial hierarchies to understand and to implement these decisions rather than to make them. Thus, managing and using the market are inseparable elements of large companies. Chandler also assumes that the governance structure of modern companies, especially, public companies gives a uthority to managers to make all key decisions on behalf of the owners of the company. This perspective ignores the role of the boards of directors and shareholders in controlling their companies. Undoubtedly, the capital market rewards good management and punishes poor management (Freeman 2010, p. 216). Specifically, companies whose managers report poor financial performance can hardly attract external capital and vice versa. In this regard, the board of directors and shareholders control large companies by setting financial goals, which the CEOs and managers must achieve in order to attract their capital. The Extent to which the Model Explains the Competitiveness of Nations Transport and Communication Technologies Countries with advanced transport and communication technologies find it easy to attract foreign direct investments. Empirical studies have shown that rapid growth of large businesses in Europe, Asia, and the US is partly attributed to the availability of adequate and ef ficient transport and communication infrastructure (Freeman 2010, p. 221). By contrast, African countries are less attractive to multinational companies due to the absence of transport infrastructure such as railroads. Transport infrastructure is important because it helps in reducing operating costs and enables companies to access external markets. Research and Development According to Chandler, managerial hierarchies enable companies to generate the knowledge that they need to succeed in various markets (Kleinand Lien 2009, pp. 289-312). Through vertical integration, large companies establish their own research and development centers to create new knowledge (Kleinand Lien 2009, pp. 289-312). The knowledge and discoveries made by the large companies are often available to the entire country through patent and copyright agreements. For instance, the research done by GE Aviation has helped the US military to acquire the equipment that they need to maintain security. As a result, t he US is one of the most attractive countries to multinational companies due to its high national security standards. Governance Structure of Publicly Traded Companies The concept of separating management and ownership in publicly traded companies borrows heavily from Chandler’s model of integrated managerial enterprise (Fridenson 2004, pp. 564-569). Countries that are able to attract foreign financial capital have clear rules on corporate governance. In particular, public companies are required to employ an independent management to oversee their activities (Fridenson 2004, pp. 564-569). This enhances transparency in financial reporting and facilitates the use of incentives to encourage high performance among managers. This attracts foreign companies to invest in local companies by purchasing equities through the equity securities markets. Limitations of the Model Chandler’s model overemphasizes the importance of technology in determining the success of modern firms a nd nations. The model ignores the importance of the labor market in determining the attractiveness of nations (Ansoff 2007, p. 258). For instance, India and China have mainly succeeded due to their low labor cost advantage. Majority of the US and European manufacturers have relocated to China and India to take advantage of low labor costs. Thus, China and India have developed rapidly at the expense of the US and Europe where labor costs are very high. Chandler’s model also ignores the importance of national cultures and values in determining the success of companies and attractiveness of nations. In the US business culture, companies require specific skills, promote employees based on merit, and reward employees based on current performance (Jeffs 2008, 278). In Japan, companies require general skills, provide permanent jobs, and some times consider seniority when promoting or rewarding employees. In China, the Confucian culture enhances the success of businesses through hard work, frugality, and discipline among employees. Thus, multinational companies will always invest in nations whose business cultures present little challenges to success. Chandler’s model fails to account for government intervention in enhancing the success of businesses (Helper Sako 2010, pp.399-429). For instance, transport and communication technologies, which are at the heart of Chandler’s model, are often developed by the government. Thus, government policy concerning transport and communication infrastructure should be considered when analyzing the success of businesses and long-term attractiveness of nations. For instance, Japanese companies succeeded in the 19th and the 20th centuries due to the government’s ability to align its policies to the needs of the business community (Jeffs 2008, 287). Conclusion The central argument of Chandler’s model is that as companies become large, they adopt managerial hierarchies that supervise their operations. Generally, nearly all large companies in major economies have managerial hierarchies because they are too large to be controlled by an individual. However, Chandler’s claim that modern companies will ultimately be controlled by people with little or no relationship with the owners is not applicable in most developed countries. Several multinational companies are still managed by at least one member of the founder’s family. Chandler’s model explains the competitiveness of nations in terms of the role of transport and communication infrastructure in opening up external markets. However, it ignores the importance of national labor markets, cultures, and government policy in enhancing the attractiveness of nations. References Ansoff, H 2007, Strategic Management, Sage, London. Caves, R 1980, Industrial Organization, Corporate Strategy, and Structure, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 18 no. 1, pp. 64-92. Freeman, R 2010, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Appro ach, McGraw-Hill, New York. Fridenson, P 2004, Business Failure and the Agenda of Business History, Enterprise and Society, vol. 15 no. 4, pp. 564-569. Fruin, W 2009, Globalization and Alfred Chandler’s Modern American Firm, Journal of Management History, vol. 15 no. 3, pp. 261-271. Helper, S Sako, M 2010, Management Innovation in Supply Chain: Appreciating Chandler in the Twenty-first Century, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 399-429. Hill, C Jones, G 2012, Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach, Sage, London. Ingham, H 2009, Organizational Structure and Firm Performance: An International Perspective, Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 19 no. 5, pp. 1-12. Jeffs, C 2008, Strategic Management, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Kleinand, G Lien, B 2009, Diversification, Industry Structure, and Firm Strategy: An Organizational Economics Perspective, Advances in Strategic Management, vol. 26 no. 1, pp. 289-312. Mathews, D 2004, The Visible Hand? The Econom ics of Alfred Chandler, Coastal Georgia Community Collage Press, Atlanta. Mesure, H 2007, Multinational Corporations and the New Global History, Society and Business Review, vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 219-220. Rodriguez, R 2009, From a Family-owned to a Family-controlled Business: Applying Chandler’s Insights to Explain Family Business Transitional Stages, Journal of Management History, vol. 15 no. 3, pp. 284-298. Rodriguez, N, Eisenhardt, M McKenna, C 2002, Strategy and Structure Redux: review of Alfred Chandler’s Work, Business Strategy Review, vol. 13 no. 3, pp. 20-26. This essay on Chandler’s Model of Integrated Managerial Enterprise was written and submitted by user Greyson R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wilcoxon Signed

Wilcoxon Signed Introduction Wilcoxon signed-rank test is applicable while weighing against corresponding samples to evaluate whether there is a variation in their ranked population averages. In other words, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests are applied in samples that do not meet the requirements of the parametric tests. In most cases, the Wilcoxon signed-rank is used in the circumstances that the population is not normally distributed (Martinez, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Wilcoxon signed-rank can be used in the place of student paired t-test particularly when the sample means are small. The assumptions made while using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test enables it to be more accurate than the dependent variables t-test particularly when the sample means are small. However, when the paired sample means are large, the t-test for non-dependent variable would be a ppropriate. The definition of Wilcoxon test The Wilcoxon signed-rank test refers to a non-parametric statistical theory that is very significant in carrying out tests of two related models as well as repeated dimensions on individual samples to establish whether there are variations in their populace mean ranks (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Further, the test is also useful in assessing the differences existing between the population mean ranks of matched samples. Moreover, the analysis plays an alternative means of assessment to the paired Student’s test for corresponding pairs as well as the t-test for independent samples in the event that the populace is not normally distributed. In carrying out the Wilcoxon test, the statistics from the corresponding population are paired off. The test also applies random sampling of the independent pairs (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Moreover, an ordinal scale is vital in measuring the statistics following a normal distribution. In essence, t he hypothesis testing of non-parametric data is essential in assessing records that can be placed in a given order but lack the statistical figures. In fact, the test is invaluable in analyzing clientele fulfillment (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). The invention of the Wilcoxon test Frank Wilcoxon, an American statistician developed the test in nineteen forty-five. The Wilcoxon test was put forward together with rank-sum test in order to examine two independent variables. In fact, frank Wilcoxon proposed that in the circumstances where two sample populations to be tested is small then the W-test is suitable since it is more accurate than the paired t-test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Later statisticians approved the test for non-parametric variables. In other words, the non-parametric variables are dependent sample population that does not meet the parametric tests. Consequently, the test was later given the name Wilcoxon T-test or simply as T. However, the name was lat er changed to W or t-test for non-independent population samples (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the Wilcoxon test is applicable The application of the Wilcoxon test is motivated by the improbability relating to the assumptions of normality in the t-test. For instance, Wilcoxon test is applicable in the situations that involve matched pairs as well as repeated dimension of similar items. Further, the Wilcoxon test is applied in the case where there are improper mean variations in the t-test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). In addition, the test remains indispensable in the circumstances when the distributions do not obey the normal essential suppositions. For example, in the normal parametric statistical procedures, the assumption is that the data will follow the uniform distributions. However, in the actual circumstances, the data do not follow the unifor m distribution. The test is also used when the variables are at least ordinal. In essence, the test is applied when similar participants carry out both situations for the study. In other words, the test is suitable for scrutiny of information that originates from recurring dimensional designs involving two situations. Further, the test is used when the statistics do not convene to the necessities for a parametric test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). In this regard, the test is suitable when the data are not distributed normally as well as when there are variations in marking the values of both the variances. In addition, for the Wilcoxon test to be carried out, the statistics must be measured on an ordinal scale. The sense behind conducting the test involves ranking the available figures to produce two order sums for individual situations. The methodical variation between the circumstances leads to placing the conditions with higher orders in one situation and the ones with lower ranks on the other situation (Jackson, 2009). Further, if the ranks are equivalent, then the orders are distributed in a similar array. The test is also significant in carrying out a single sample. For example, in conducting assessment on shopping centers, the use of Wilcoxon test is highly appropriate. In other words, in the study of several shops, the researcher would suppose that the respondents are probable to back up or object to questions put to them with an equal likelihood of half. In addition, when there is availability of various unrelated samples that require comparisons, the application of the Wilcoxon rank test is vital. When not to use the Wilcoxon test As indicated above the Wilcoxon test is used in the situations where the sample population is small. In the situations where the sampled population sizes are large, the Wilcoxon text cannot be applied (Cleves, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, while studying two population samples that are not identical or corresponding and the samples are large then Wilcoxon test is not applicable. Instead, unpaired t-test is used. The reason why the unpaired t-test is not preferable is that type 1 error is likely to be yielded particularly in the circumstances when the population sample size is small (Cleves, 2008). In other words, the unpaired t-test is preferable in the situations when the sample population size is large. However, when the distribution is skewed and the sample population is large, then Wilcoxon can still be applied (Martinez, 2007). In essence, Wilcoxon test yield better results when the paired population sample being studied is small. When paired sample sizes are large, then the Wilcoxon cannot be applied and instead the single t-test is used to test the variables. According to Jackson (2009), Wilcoxon test can be used in the place of the paire d student t-test. Wilcoxon test is appropriate in the evaluation of data that are derived from the repeated measures. In addition, in the circumstances that the derived data does not meet the parametric test requirements or when the data are not distributed normally, then the Wilcoxon test is applied. The test assumptions For the Wilcoxon test to be appropriate, several assumptions are applied (Kirk, 2006). The first assumption is that the data must be matched and have to be drawn from the corresponding populace. Secondly, independent and random pairing must be attained. The final assumption is that the data has to be ordinal. However, the normal distribution of data is necessary but not a must requirement (Kirk, 2006). The Wilcoxon test formula As indicated, the Wilcoxon test assumes a formula that test the median of sample sizes of the paired numbers. The sample size should be small. The hypothesis is whether there are variations in the medians of the sample pairs (Martinez, 2007) . In other words, the unacceptable premise tests whether there is no existing deviations in the paired sample middle measure while the acceptable premise tests otherwise. To derive the formula N is understood to be the size of the sample or the amount of paired samples. Therefore, the total data sample equals to 2N. If i=1, †¦.., N and x1i and x2i is to represent the measurements, then Wilcoxon test (W) ={∑[sgn(x2i-x1i)*Ri]}. In the formula, sgn represent the sign function while Ri represent the ranks (Martinez, 2007). As indicated, the hypothesis to be tested using the formula is as follows H0: there are no median differences between the pairs H1: median differences exist Conclusion In most cases, the Wilcoxon tests will be appropriate when the section the population to be tested is small and the distribution is not normal. The Wilcoxon tests contrasts the ordinary tests where the population is large and the distribution is average. However, most of the statistical tes ts do not behave in the normal distribution. In fact, in Wilcoxon tests, the data is not normally distributed and the sample sizes are small.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, Wilcoxon tests are used in evaluating opinionated data as well as data that cannot be accurately measured. In other words, the measure is based on the nominal scale. Though data from opinions are normally difficult to measure, they are put in numerical scales that make it easier to be evaluated. In these kinds of data, there is no assumption that there is normal distribution. Therefore, Wilcoxon test would be appropriate. References Cleves, M. A. (2008). An introduction to survival analysis using stata. New York, NY: Stata Press. Gravetter, F. J. Wallnau, L. B. (2009). Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Jackson, S. L. (2009). Statistics plain and simple. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Kirk, R. E. (2006). Statistics: An introduction. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Martinez, R. (2007). Diagnostics for choosing between Log-rank and Wilcoxon tests. Michigan, MI: ProQuest.

Foreign Currancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Currancy - Essay Example It is even predicted by the IMF that it will overtake the US economy by 2016(Economy Watch, June 2, 2010) In November 2011, U.S. debt to China amounts to $1.13 trillion. This is 25% of the total $4.6 trillion of US debts. In 2011, China exported $1.58 trillion worth of production, 18% of which is exported to the US, while it has imported $333.9 billion from US, creating a trade deficit of $295.5 billion.(Kimberly, Amadeo). This massive surplus is the effect of China’s monetary policy of keeping their Remnibi lower than the equilibrium rate. This monetary policy is the subject of debate of IMF, the World bank, the government ,and other financing bodies. However, despite its robust economy, its GDP per capita income has remained relatively low as compared to United States. China’s GDP per capita is $4,428 while US has $47,153.(The World Bank) In effect, China is not subsidizing US economy because both countries benefit from the deal. The proceeds of the US debts are spent on federal programs while payments of interests of loan is spent by China to propel its economic growth. US debts also kept interest rates low. It is threatening because by holding too much ownership of U.S debts, China can use it as an economic weapon and shift the economic balance in its favor. Being second greatest in the world’s economy, China can use this power as leverage for imposing demands. For instance, in 2009, China proposed for a new global currency to replace the dollar because it was alarmed of the drop of dollar rate, and was afraid that its investments would deteriorate (Macdonald, Joe. 24, Mar. 2009). China has been reported to feel uneasy about relying on the dollar to store its reserves. It has also pressed for changes to give developing countries more influence on the IMF, the World Bank and other financing institutions. To reduce its complete reliance to dollars, China now swaps currency with G-20 trading partners like Hong Kong and Argentina. G-20 is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 economies and was formed to discuss the international financial system. To date, there is no report on the success of this proposition. What is its impact to the U.S. economy? The reduction of China’s demand for dollars leads to a domino effect – increase of interest rates that would hamper revival of the economy. Threatening to pull out all of its holding from the US will create havoc because if China calls its debts all at once; demand for dollars would be increasingly high, causing a dollar collapse that would disrupt international markets. This would trigger another financial crisis wherein everybody suffers including China (Kimberly). This is more unlikely to happen because it will reflect of China’s competitiveness. When China raises its export prices, US consumers will think twice and buy US products instead. As a policy, China keeps its currency Remnibi, lower than the dollar, a strategy that works for its advantage because it makes product imported from China lower than the U.S. products, and in the final analysis, be able to create more jobs for the Chinese, and be able to fund the growth of its economy. The US is trying to persuade China to revise its policy of having an undervalued Remnibi. The Remnibi is said to be 40 percent below it real value thus making its products excessively low and the US exports comparatively high, but whether this will be heeded by the Chinese government remains to be seen in the light of recent

The use of allegory in the Bhagavad Gita by Eknath Easwaran Essay

The use of allegory in the Bhagavad Gita by Eknath Easwaran - Essay Example The magical words of the Gita have been taken all around the world, and have inspired millions of people. Therefore, there can be little doubt as regards its efficacy, timeless relevance and of course, its wondrous, practical simplicity. The allegory, the wonderful symbolization of the world in all its colors - makes the song of God one of the greatest and most relevant works of religion. And this allegory can be seen in the Gita itself - a study of the entire epic is not even necessary! So, it is important to analyze and understand the reason for the Bhagavad Gita's strong influence on our minds - which can be properly done only by studying the beautiful allegory that is used in the poem. The entire Mahabharata is itself full of symbols, if we look deeply. Whether it is Dhritarashtra's blindness, Yudhishthira's flying chariot, a brotherhood of five Pandavas as compared to an ocean of a hundred Kauravas - all these strange characterizations and symbolizations carry a distinct meaning in themselves. The most prominent symbols, however, are the incarnation of Lord Krishna on the Earth, and his subsequent role as a charioteer to the Pandava Arjuna - who has been depicted as Nara (Man). It is commonly understood that the discourse given by Krishna to Arjuna is the only thing that comes close to an Allegory - being interpreted as God teaching man some important ideals (very much like the ten commandments!), but that is simply not true - The allegory can be seen and felt the moment Arjuna panics at the time of the commencement of battle - Man panics when he has to do his duty. And here, Man is Arjuna and his duty is to participate in this war. From this moment on, we can observe a great deal of wonderful and intelligent symbolization the great poet Veda Vyasa has hidden in the Gita. ".take me to the middle of the battlefield, my dear Krishna, so that I may observe the armies facing each other." - Thus did Arjuna plead with his charioteer (after the conch of the commencement of the battle was sounded!). "Middle of the battlefield" "My Dear Krishna" "may observe the armies facing each other" "after the conch of commencement of the battle was sounded" - have these questions ever been raised NEVER! But the entire soul of the poem's allegory is contained in these words. The moment Arjuna panicked, the Lord smiled. The very setting of the Gita and the conversation between Nara (Arjuna) and Narayana (Krishna) is too bizarre and eccentric for words - but that setting makes the song of God "Timeless". The "middle of the battlefield" is actually a point in everyone's life, when one has to make a crucial, life-changing decision. Arjuna wanted a clear view of both armies, and that could be done only when he could stand at the middle of the battlefield, impartially. The symbol "middle of the battlefield" actually teaches us just that - to be completely impartial while making an important decision. One should never be carried away by senseless and overwhelming

The character of Macbeth throughout the play Essay Example for Free

The character of Macbeth throughout the play Essay Macbeth is one of Shakespeares four great tragedies, which contain witchcraft, treason, and bloody murder. In the following essay, I will be writing about the way I feel towards the character of Macbeth throughout the play and the way in which he changes. Does Shakespeare present him in such a way that we can to some extent understand, even feel for this disloyal, self seeking murderer or can we relate to Malcolms description of him as the dead butcher? Our views on Macbeth change throughout the play because Shakespeare portrays him in many different ways. At the beginning of the play he is seen as a brave soldier, at the top of his profession and rewarded by King Duncan of Scotland. He is spoken about as Brave Macbeth and Worthy gentlemen after his heroism in battle, only to later become cruel and unjust. He had defeated the Norwegians and on his way home meets three witches. The audience in Shakespeares time believed in witches and their sinister side, leaving the audience sceptical when Macbeth communicates with them, leading us to believe he is connected with evil. The witches then give Macbeth three predictions: All hail Macbeth! Hail to the thane of Glamis! All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee thane of Cawdor! All hail Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter. Macbeth is already thane of Glamis but chooses not to believe the witches because he feels that the Thane of Cawdor is alive. Soon after some messengers come and deliver, the news to Macbeth that he has been granted the thaneship of due to a treasonous crime committed on the Thane of Cawdors behalf. Macbeth starts to believe that a third prediction is likely to occur, given that the first two appear to have. Two truths are told, as the happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial theme. Macbeths fatal flaw of ambition then overcomes him and he begins to contemplate regicide which, he feels is the only way of becoming King, My thought, whose murder is yet but fantastical. The attitude of the audience changes completely, however, the next time Macbeth meets up with the witches. Sympathy cannot be felt for Macbeth, as it is he who goes to the witches, not the contrary. At this stage, we cannot help but speculate concerning Macbeths apparent involvement with the evil forces, suggesting that he may have some evil present in him. One of the witches confirms this when admitting, Something wicked this way comes. Macbeth turns to the witches because of his insecurity. He is the subject of growing suspicion among many people, despite obtaining his ambition of kingship. On the contrary, he was enlightened when first meeting the witches that Banquos sons would be kings. This implies that children will be unable to follow Macbeth in the line of royalty and intrinsically apprehends Macbeth. In an attempt to find out how to keep his throne, Macbeth confronts the witches about his future. He is consequently granted three apparitions: Beware Macduff, None of woman born shall harm Macbeth. Moreover, Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill shall come against him. These apparitions are all ambiguous, deliberately intended to mystify Macbeth and the audience. Why does Macbeth have to be cautious of Macduff? If no born son of a woman can harm Macbeth then who can? It is possible for a wood to move of its own accord so did Macbeth have nothing to fear? The ambiguousness of these apparitions and the manner in which Macbeth interprets them makes Macbeth over confident with regards to his safety because we later learn in the play that Macduff was not born of woman but of caesarean. We also learn that Macduff and Malcolms army cut down Birnam Wood and uses it as camouflage to get closer to Macbeths fortress without him seeing them. With the information they feed him with, the witches offer a hand of encouragement for Macbeths decisions (e.g. he kills Banquo because the witches say that Banquos sons will be kings) but are never responsible for what Macbeth does. They simply put ideas into his head, acting as a catalyst for his actions. The main influence on Macbeth, however, is his wife, Lady Macbeth, portrayed as a manipulative and domineering power. When Lady Macbeth hears about the predictions of the witches she immediately ponders murdering king Duncan. She realises, however, that although Macbeth is very ambitious, Thou art not without ambition, he is too compassionate to carry out the murder, I fear thy nature, is too full o th milk of human kindness. Lady Macbeth therefor formulates a plan. Lady Macbeth honours and loves her husband very much. She also conscious of her husbands reluctance to be thought of as a coward and when refusing to go ahead with murdering the king We will proceed no further in this business, uses the weakness to insult his manliness Was the hope drunk Wherein you dressed yourself? She therefor manipulates him into agreeing to commit the regicide. At this point in the play, we feel some compassion towards Macbeth, as he is weak in resisting his wifes ever growing influence. We become wary of the responsibility Lady Macbeth has on her husbands change of heart. Interesting to note, also, that at Shakespears time the husband would have been the dominant partner, and therefor the audience would have been cynical towards Lady Macbeth for her scheming ways and rare ability of being authoritative over her husband. In the scene just before Macbeth goes to kill Duncan he initially decides himself in his soliloquy to murder Duncan, despite the profound reasons not to. Macbeth appreciates Duncans fine qualities- his humility and his integrity in carrying out to perfection the tasks of kingship and knows that to destroy such virtue would be a crime against heaven. This leaves the audience divided in their opinions concerning Lady Macbeths influence on the plot. At this stage, I remain indefinite as to whether Macbeth really is the ruthless party in the murder or whether his wifes influence is the decisive passage. Lady Macbeths moral conscience is not as evident as her husbands. She is now the stronger of the two, and Macbeth cannot stand up to her accusations that he is a coward, lacking in manliness, and a traitor to his word. He yields to her, and in order to prove himself a man in his eyes submits to a womans guidance. Despite this, the couple has an affectionate relationship My dearest Love. Eventually the only loyalty that Lady Macbeth and have is their loyalty for each other. Disloyalty is shown when Macbeth murders the king just to make sure he keeps the throne. Unreasonable ambition takes over, with the consequence of loosing the things that were once important to the both of them. Lady Macbeth not only influences Macbeth on the murder of King Duncan but Macbeth also advances in killing his dearest friend Banquo and the wife and children of Macduff. When hearing of these unruly murders and realising that her husband is behind them she is driven insane by the sheer grotesqueness of them, The thane of Fire had a wife; where is she now? before her eventual act of suicide. Although not greatly evident King Duncan himself is a significant influence on Macbeth. Duncan is a very bad judge of character. He trusted the Thane of Cawdor He was a gentleman on whom I built absolute trust. However, The Thane of Cawdor turned out to be a traitorous villain. Duncan then gives Macbeth the thaneship of Cawdor. This is Dramatic irony as he is giving Macbeth the title of a traitor. This is also the wrong step because it raises Macbeth above all the other lords. Duncan praises Macbeth for his bravery at war, consequently making the other lords envious of Macbeth, and raising Macbeths ego. These three influences, the witches, Lady Macbeth and Duncan contribute significantly to Macbeths change in character throughout the play. The story unfolds as follows: The first time we hear about Macbeth is when the witches mention his name. This would make the audience feel uneasy and they would wonder why Macbeth is associated with evil. Their minds are then put at rest when the captain refers to him as Brave Macbeth. Macbeth is portrayed as a hero. He defeats the Norwegians and is rewarded with the thaneship of Cawdor so the audience admires him. They think that he is a loyal and worthy subject to the king. Then the witches meet with Macbeth; the audience would begin to have doubts about his loyalty when he starts contemplating about murdering the king. Macbeth then admits If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir. This emphasises that he is still unsure about having to murder King Duncan and at this point feels that if the witches have predicted it then fate will make him king without him having to do anything. King Duncan then names his son Malcolm as heir with Macbeth realising that he cannot become king unless he does something about it, That is a step On which I must fall down, or else oer-leap. Macbeth thinks a great deal about murdering the king and reasons for it and in his soliloquies the audience would see his thoughts and begin to feel sorry for him because his ambition is so strong that it is having a psychological effect on him. Nevertheless, in the end, despite the many doubts ultimately decides himself to kill Duncan. The audience can no longer feel sympathy for his actions because the decision to kill the king is his own; they would feel horror and dissatisfaction because of what he has done. During the time that Shakespeare was alive and Macbeth was first shown on stage people thought that regicide was a horrific crime and he who commits it, was eternally damned to hell. After Macbeth kills Duncan, he meets with Lady Macbeth. This scene (act 2 scene 2) is the plays most tense and dramatic. At the beginning, we see Lady Macbeth by herself in an agitated state. Every small noise unsettles her Hark! When Macbeth intrudes the pace changes, with the distinct exchange of questions and answers between them. This emphasises their state of nerves. We get an insight into Lady Macbeths character and the part she has played in the murder and also a little hint of weakness on her behalf when discovering that she went to kill Duncan but couldnt because he reminded her of her father, Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet. We hear how Macbeths preoccupation with not being able to pronounce amen after hearing the prayer demonstrates his state of mind his guilt and his awareness that he has sold out to evil and the powers of darkness. Because Macbeth is so tense he forgets to leave the daggers at the murder scene and when Lady Macbeth tells him to take them back he says, I am afraid to think what I have done; Look ont again I dare not. Therefore, Lady Macbeth takes them back. When she goes to return the daggers Macbeth has a short soliloquy. This gives us an insight into his state of mind. He is full of guilt, will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood Clean from my hands? This means that he cannot rid of the guilt. As a knocking is heard on the castle gates, Lady Macbeth returns but her husband is already regretting what he has done saying, Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thy couldst! Duncans sons Malcolm and Donalbain then flee the country for fear that their turn to be murdered will come so Macbeth becomes king. Despite having this title he is still insecure, with the prediction from the witches of Banquos sons becoming king, Macbeth decides that he has to prevent this fate and therefor hires murderers without Lady Macbeths knowledge to kill Banquo. This shows the audience how their relationship is breaking up. We are shocked at Macbeths decision to kill Banquo because he was Banquos best friend. After Banquo is murdered Macbeth hallucinates, he sees the ghost of Banquo covered in blood sitting in his chair at a banquet. All Macbeths lords are present but they cannot see the ghost, Lady Macbeth tries to relax him when saying, you look on but a stool. She tells him that what he is seeing is merely an illusion like the air drawn dagger which led him to Duncan. This indicates that after the murders Macbeth has a guilty, unquiet mind. He fears every one and in front of all the lords, he proclaims himself unstable. To the audience it appears as if Macbeth is turning insane and they sympathise with him because he has lost every thing dear to him: his best friend, his absolute trust and loyalty to his wife and the security of lots of friends who support him. Because of this insecurity, Macbeth pays the witches a visit with them showing him the three apparitions. With theses apparitions Macbeth is re-assured, his interpretation of them leads him to think that he cannot be harmed Then live, Macduff: what need I fear of thee? Macbeth then finds out that Macduff has fled to England in an attempt to encourage Malcolm to bring an army to fight Macbeth, filling him with anger. This provokes him to get revenge on Macduff: The castles of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to thedge othsword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. This would horrify the audience; the modern day audience would be more horrified at this murder than the 17th century audience who would think that regicide is worse. The modern day audience would feel nothing but contempt for Macbeths act of slaughtering women and children. Macbeths character at this point is completely destroyed; No heroism, loyalty, or any good qualities that he once had are left. No sympathy can now be given from the audiences point of view or any other character in the play. Lady Macbeth commits suicide because of guilty conscience regarding what she has done and what Macbeth has done. Macbeth subsequently hears that Malcolm and Macduff are coming towards him with a great army, He is not too worried because of the witches apparitions and he says I will not be afraid of death and bane Till Birnam forest come to Dunsinane. Macbeth receives the news of his wifes death and through his soliloquy reveals that he cannot grieve for her, due to having his mind in the direction of battle She should have died hereafter. Only at this point does Macbeth realise that he has nothing left and all because of his over ambition. A messenger later comes and announces that Birnam wood is moving. The armies of Malcolm and Macduff have cut down the forest and used it as camouflage. Macbeth begins to lose hope and feels like they have tied him to a stake. In addition, he cannot fly. Nevertheless, he decides that he will fight on Ill fight, till from my bones my flesh be hacked. Macbeth then sets out to fight he kills a man and still holds on to the apparition from the witches that no one born of a woman shall harm him, Swords I smile at, weapons laugh to scorn, Brandished by man thats of a woman born. Macduff confronts Macbeth and Macbeth is not very fearful of him because of the witches apparition. He says to Macduff: With thy keen sword impress as make me bleed: Let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests, I bear a charmed life, which must not yield To one of woman born. Macduff then replies saying that he was not of woman born; he was from his mothers womb Untimely ripped Macbeth now knows that Macduff is going to kill him but he shows a last bit of courage and he fights on. The audience cannot feel admiration for Macbeth because of what he has done only sympathy because he has noting left, and he knows it. Macduff then kills Macbeth and hails Malcolm as King. At the end of the play, we see Macbeth a respected hero turned into a vengeful villain through unreasonable ambition, with the influences of people around him. He commits regicide, murder, and vengeful slaughter. After the murder of Duncan, Macbeth is horrified to think of what he has done. Shakespeare contrasts Macbeth and his wife in their attitudes of the murder. Lady Macbeth is bold and confident, because she does, not understand that the deed is morally wrong: he only concern is to destroy the evidence. Macbeth, on the other hand, awakens to a consciousness of guilt that will remain with him until his death. At times, Shakespeare encourages the audience to feel sympathy and understanding for Macbeth but at times all that the audience can feel for Macbeth is horror, anger, disgust, and contempt, although at the end of the play he shows tremendous character when facing certain death.